Bronshtein and Zimmer described a case of occipital encephalocele that was first seen at 13 weeks as an empty occipital sac measuring 8 x 9 mm 31.
Her arms and legs are visible, and a recognizable profile can be seen.
If the embryo is not visible it is highly suggestive of a failed pregnancy Reference :Clinical ultrasound Paul Allen 3rd edition Elsevier 9.
However, the data from vesico—amniotic shunting in human fetuses with obstructive uropathy have not provided conclusive evidence that such interventions are beneficial, possibly because, by mid-gestation, when surgery is usually undertaken, irreversible renal damage may have already occurred.
The development and wide dissemination of transvaginal ultrasound in the mid- to late 1980s revolutionized early pregnancy sonography.
Same patient as immediately above.